The paper "Design of high-specificity binders for peptide–MHC-I complexes," published in Science, was conducted by Nobel laureate David Baker's team. This research successfully employed deep learning tools to de novo design small proteins that bind with high specificity to peptide-MHC class I complexes (pMHCs), opening a new pathway for precise immunotherapy of cancer and viral diseases. MHC class I complexes are a type of T-cell surface receptor (TCR) that can effectively activate T cells, prompting them to secrete perforin or granzymes for cell killing.

Similarly, CAR-T therapy leverages the cytotoxic function of T cells to achieve targeted elimination of cancer cells. Specifically, this involves collecting a patient's peripheral blood T lymphocytes, genetically engineering them to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) on their surface, and then reinfusing the modified T cells back into the patient. As the CAR can specifically recognize antigens on the surface of cancer cells, it directs the engineered T cells to perform targeted killing of the cancer cells.

Fig 1 The process of CAR-T therapy

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